Innovation of Toyota in Hybrid

Toyota Innovation Lecturer: Dr. Barbara Igel Group members: Mr. Nguyen Hoang Hai Ms. Pham Thi Thu Hoai Ms. Kieu Phuong Ly 1 Toyota Introduction †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Established: 28 August 1937 Entrepreneur: Mr. Kiichiro Toyoda Total unit sold (up to July 2012): 200mil cars Company achievement: ?Product development motivation ?Extraordinary capability to manage large & global product development portfolio ?Launch more new vehicles than competitors ?Consistently deliver winners ?Continuous innovation and development 2 Prius XW10 the first Toyota’s hybrid was given to the market in December 1997 3 Prius XW10 he first Toyota’s hybrid was given to the market in December 1997 The car can run by both the gasoline and electricity 4 Differences Regular Car Hybrid Car Gasoline Gasoline & electricity CO2 emissions Less CO2 emissions Noise Silence powering High fuel consumption Low fuel consumption 5 Green Prius Make your gas last longer, Make your save last longer and M ake your dream comes true 6 The first generation An Architecture Innovation Product Prius XW10 7 What kind of innovation in nth Generations of Toyota Prius? Prius V Prius C Prius Plug -in Incremental innovation products 8 Competitive AdvantageProduct Development Strategy Process Goals 9 Product development strategy ? Conceiving & designing news cars ? Durability & Reliability ? Increase capital investment & shorter R&D cycles ? Reduce market risk 10 Product Development Process ? Fine balance between â€Å"shusa† program leader & â€Å"bucho† functional leader ? Parallel-path development, manage design and engineering trade-offs, and ensure flexibility (Apollo 11) ? Good relationship with suppliers 11 Product Development Process (†¦cont) ? Focus on collaboration and process ? Capturing and sharing the knowledge experience ? Monozukuri (â€Å"making products†) coming irectly from hitozukuri (â€Å"making people†) 12 Product Development Goals Focus on p roduct value which perceived by customers Product Value GAP Product Cost 13 PRIUS – THE LEADER OF HYBRID CARS PRIUS Toyota Time of Sales Models Sold units (at the end of september 2012) INSIGHT Honda 1997 1999 5 (with three generation) 2 (with two generation) 2,804,900 1,000,000 14 Solution adopted by the company Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 15 Innovation Framework (Igel B. , 2012, Innovation & Techno entrepreneurship course) 16 Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 17Reasons ? Thick history development culture ? Toyota Way: â€Å"people is the heart and soul† & â€Å"is the determinant of â€Å" best practice† approach† 18 Reasons ? â€Å"Shusa† : program manager ? â€Å"bucho†: functional manger ? Balancing authority ? Culture: the program success goal sharing broadly through the company 19 Reasons ? Forward & back up solution are developed simultaneously ? Ensure timeline schedule ? Culture : better product by making innovation everyday 20 Reasons ? Investing the innovative capacities to longterm suppliers ? Culture: collectivism, long-term thinking, uncertain avoidance – HIGH 21 Reasons Capturing & sharing knowledge and experience, making it available ? Management by means not by results ? Culture: better product by making innovation everyday 22 Reasons ? â€Å"making product† emanate from â€Å"making people† ? Culture: People is the heart & soul of Toyota; the life of employees together with the life of the company. 23 Reasons ? Strong ? Core values: ? Personal accountability ? Continuous improvement ? Collaboration ? Elimination of waste 24 Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 25 Apply in Vietnam? ?No 26 Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 27 28

Benjamin Franklin and the Nature of Human Character Essay

Few things say more about the character of a person than his or her religious beliefs. No, it is not because of their religion, nor, perhaps, even because of the importance of religion, but rather because of the importance people give to religion and the important place religion holds in the life of the religious. Benjamin Franklin was no different. Living in the time of a new frontier, America, where the new settlers had arrived in part to escape religious tyranny and have the freedom to practice their religious beliefs as they chose, Benjamin Franklin clearly had a religious upbringing. It also meant that he had to make choices, not just about food, clothes, shelter and the other cares and needs of any given day, but about God, life, existence and, yes, religion. No doubt, religion builds character. Perhaps his struggles with the ideologies and concepts of religion were among the most central in his life. He certainly seems point out how they affected his thinking even from early in his life. People often base the fundamental practices and ideas of their life around their religion and their religious beliefs. To the extent that the individual is open and flexible, their religious beliefs are likewise. For most people, religious beliefs, once established, are set and inflexible. We generally form our religious beliefs when young and begin our religious practices and philosophies as we grow from a very young age. Whatever flexibility there is in an individual personality is perhaps reflected in the way they practice their religion and tolerate others. Often, those in one religion have very little tolerance of other religions. One sign of an open personality is the person’s tolerance for other religions and his or her ability to adopt principles and ideals from other religious philosophies. After being introduced to a particular religious ideology, a child must struggle with those ideas and pick and choose between those he or she will accept and those he or she will not. I did, and it is obvious that Old Ben did as well. Ben is not reticent to acknowledge that religious concepts played a central and crucial role in shaping his thinking and ideas as he grew. He says, â€Å"Before I enter upon my public Appearance in Business, it may well to let you know the then State of my Mind, with regard to my Principles and Morals, that you may see how far those influenc’d the future Events of my Life. My Parents had early given me religious Impressions, and brought me through my Childhood piously in the Dissenting way. But I was scarce 15 when, after doubting by turns of several Points as I found them disputed in the different books I read, I began to doubt of Revelation itself. † (p. 45) His view that aspects of his own character in the present would influence the course of future events is instructive, and foremost among the principles he mentions are those of religion. Perhaps those words betray a hint of willingness or desire to change aspects of his character if required, but they certainly demonstrate his realization that change is sometimes necessary, that change from what we are taught in childhood may be required once we reach adulthood. He only says that his morals and principals at one point in his life â€Å"influenc’d the future Events† of his life. Perhaps that says nothing directly about his character, but to me it reveals his recognition that the morals and principles he held early in life served as a beacon or guide for him later in life.

Cell Phones Advantages&Disadvantages Essay Example for Free

Cell Phones Advantages&Disadvantages Essay When I have been on different school placements during my time at the College there has always been one thing I have paid more attention to and noticed in every school. This situation is a very common thing among students in Malaysia and also occurs among people who normally use more than one language. This phenomenon is called code-switching and usually happened in bilingual societies. What is code-switching? It is when a person mixes two languages in a single sentence or a conversation. This issue was ordinary to take place in Malaysian students which is learning more than one language. Our country students usually learned more than three language likes national language, mother language and etc. Our ministry of education set English as a second language in Malaysia, so Malaysian English Language Instructors and ESL (English as second Language) requires learners tend to use more than one code of language in the context of formal classroom. Now, we wants to discuss the factors that cause ESL learners to code switch and how to overcome it. 2.1 Feel More Comfortable, Environment, Lack of Confidence The first factors it cause students cannot switching code immediately because they not usual to use English and also feel custom and more comfortable to use their own language. They prefer to use their own language because it is more smoothed and easy communicate with their friend. Besides that, they also did not have a good environment or social to speak English. Take one example, we was grow in a family which does not often speak English and we just only use our mother language to communicate with our family’s in home, that is a big problem for us to learn and speak English properly. The problem will cause the students lack of confidence to speak English because they do not have basic for speak to other people. Last but not least, they also will feel shy to use English because they are afraid of speaking mistakes. 2.2 Lack of Motivation, Lack of Interest, Lack of Enforcement Furthermore, they also lack of motivation because they do not get any courage from their friend or family. When students do not have enough vocabulary word they  cannot speak any perfects English. If they cannot speak English properly, they will give their friend laugh and it will causes they do not have more interest in English. Besides that, they will also give up to learn English and also will drop out of study. Motivation may be expect to improve when class take into account students likes in teaching style and lesson material. Additionally, parents did not enforce their children to speak and learn English in home. Parents also lack of accompany with their children to teach them important of English or another language in the whole world even tourism and doing business. 2.3 Watch more English videos, more interaction, talk with others race After the factors let us talk about solutions to overcome the problem students who are face it. Lecturers can takes some video from youtube or google to share with students but ensure the video can help students to improve their English. They can also listen music English or see an English movie to increase their listen and speaking skill. We must let students have more interaction and practice among them when during lesson. Lecturers should break them into different group with different language or country to get more chance to be in touch with English in class. 2.4 Join the activity can improve English, Attended to tuition, Penalty The parents need to speak with them in English and without home language at home to improve their basic in speaking. Parents also can send them to counselling or campaign for training them to use English in social life. Students must me hardworking and go to a place which availability of additional resources or knowledge to increase their vocabulary. To give those students cannot handle the basics English parents should force them to attend tuition class. When students in the school or college, lecturers must be ensure students are in the English speaking zone to communicate with their friend without other language. Last but not least, if those students who are not follow the rules must give a heavy penalty to let them remember and would not do a same mistake against. The use of mother language is not conclusively a threat to English as a language or a subject at school. In school or college lecturers should be concern about students have the ability to differentiate the two language and separate them in formal and non-formal communications in class.  Therefore, poor performance in English cannot blame on home language, but a person’s background. In my view educators should take the responsibility and teach suitable things to enable the primary level students learn in English. Its can make them understanding in a better command of English. 1) Jtonec. (2012). A Description of How the Teacher of Language and Literature May Use Drama in Education to Overcome Low Linguistic Competency and Low Self Confidence. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/a-Description-Of-How-The-Teacher-1221891.html. Last accessed 12 May 2014. 2) Timmytimmkins.(2010). Effective ESL Elements. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Effective-Esl-Elements-406002.html. Last accessed 10 May 2014. In this global computer science and technology, who does not have a cell phone these days? Even a child in primary school some of their parents also will give them a phone to them for easily to stay contact with parents. However in this era of technology, a cell phone most amazing things is that they are no longer just used for calling or texting. Actually, a cell phone is not just only a tool for communicate with family and it is also a tool for multimedia such as smartphones. The smartphones can use in multimedia likes games, pictures, songs and it will bring out many advantages and disadvantages for us so with this mind. Hence, should students be permitted to use cell phones in school has become a hot topic of discussion among individual. Thus, let us discuss and debate about this topic. 2.1 Access Information, Useful Application Firstly, it goes without saying that the advantages of cell phones is it can help students to overcome some of their academic problems. This is due to the reason that cell phones allow them to download some useful software such as dictionary. When they cannot understand what their lectures teaching about due to the vocabulary, they can find the meaning of the vocabulary and try to translate it to their own language by using the dictionary software  so that they will manage to understand what their lectures teaching about. In addition, they can also access ‘google’ to find the materials which they need. This is because internets have a pool of information to provide the information that they acquire. On the other hand, the student parents can also check their children whereabouts by using a phone. Besides that, the smartphone also has a lot of function such as calendar, calculator, maps finder and many technology software. I can take an example that I will use software to supervise my homework and revision to ensure that I will not waste the precious time. 2.2 Replace Pen and Paper, Use To Memory, E-learning Apart from that, using cell phones to do home works or assignments can replace the pen and reduce the paper so that this will help to reduce deforestation as well as keep away from greenhouse effect. The cell phones can also become a â€Å"memory card†, when the student insufficient time to write down all the points that the lecturers given or he or she absents the lessons, they can just take a picture and do revision at home. Furthermore, they still can take out these pictures to revise before the examination. In this way it is killing two birds with one stone a stone. Additionally, they can use for E-learning in internet by using a cell phone with their friends and lectures to discuss homework or which are they do not understand in the lesson. 2.3 Distraction Class, Cheating, Bullying Every coin has two sides, cell phone also bring some disadvantages to us. Let us discuss the disadvantages of a cell phone right now. The cell phones also bring out many troubles to students like distract the lecturer and all their friends. The meaning distract is stand for while lecturer teaching in the class the students who play games and the worst is cell phones ringing will disturb the whole class force to stop the class. After that, the students will also laugh at which classmates those who are not using the latest phone. They cannot understand their parents work hard also unable to buy a latest phone to them because new phones price is too expensive and even run up to two thousand. 2.4 Annoying Lecturers, Health Hazard, Safety of Students When lecturers is teaching in the class, the students which is mischievous will take the lecturer funny picture and upload to the social network to annoying their lecturer. These types of students do not have manners because they did not give any respect to their lecturer. England scientist investigate point out if each people using cell phones in one day more than 2 hours, they will get health hazard like shortsighted, radiation, skin cancer. So, if students bring cell phones to school they will get more times to be in touch with the disease above. Beside, students can keep play their phones and did not pay attention when they go downstairs or cross the road. It is very dangerous actions and do not behave their self and their family. In the last, students bring cell phones to school have both of advantages and disadvantages but they should know how to use the cell phones in the place is correct. We can come to a conclusion that although mobile phones have their weak points, they are very useful when they are necessary. Students are the decision makers. Therefore, we can choose which are good and bad. According to my opinion cell phones are very useful things if we use them in a proper way in the school it may help students solve many problems. 1) RaulBarrera. (2012). Disadvantages of Cell Phones in School. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Disadvantages-Of-Cell-Phones-In-School-1074638.html. Last accessed 6 May 2014. 2) HayItsGio. (2012). Cell Phones in School. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Cell-Phones-In-School-1317488.html. Last accessed 4 May 2014. Cell Phones Advantages&Disadvantages. (2016, Sep 23).

Understanding advertising media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding advertising media - Essay Example A small conclusion follows at the end of the paper as a summary to the detailed discussion.Internet defines a small network provided that the 'i' is not capitalized. "The Internet" however, defines the Internet of internets and is the immense global network spread all over the globe. A formal definition can be summarized as "a global networks that links thousands of computers by data lines and wireless systems".According to the Wikipedia web site the predecessor of the Internet is called "ARPAnet" (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and was originally employed as one can easily conclude for military purposes by the U.S in 1969. The Internet catalyst today, the core of the Internet in other words, is the NFS (National Science Foundation).Even though the Internet provides a lot more services other than those known to the wider audience such as Telnet and FTP, the paper focuses to the advertising medium of the Internet, namely the WWW (WorldWide Web). The WWW is a hypermedia in formation system that links computer-based resources around the world. That is includes a lot more than the familiar to most of us microcomputers, namely servers and mainframes and other sharing resources or intangible resources liek database systems that reside in the electronic mediums we are familiar with. Such resources become available to us through the web browsers. Browsers enable words or icon to display text, video, graphics and sounds on computer screen. The most famous browser to most of us is more likely the Internet Explorer but others like Opera and Mozilla have been catching up in popularity. 90% of the users and using the Internet for email exchange and 77% and 69% for general information and surfing respectively. 46% only are using it for their work and 27% and 26% for stocks' quotes and job searching respectively. Trading and banking are low in the pyramid with 12% and 7% respectively. Apparently the Internet has not become integrated to every day activities yet and its potential remains unknown to the wider public possibly due to ignorance or fear due to inexperience with its working and safety mechanisms. The Internet facilities are mostly used by higher education level persons, at a younger age of 18,5 and high level income. Details of Internet users' activities can be viewed at the Stanford University Web Site at Advertising Format Advertising techniques employed are the banners displayed on web pages, the key words entered in search engines, sponsors for web sites and emails send to users, and viral marketing with the use of email addresses a person acquires through the recipient lines of an email. Other common techniques include mobile marketing and a variation like PPS, Kiosk and Podcasts. The most famous search engine is inarguably Google. With ongoing update on any moment, the Google web site enables chat with MSN, AOL, and Yahoo instant essaging system without any program or Java applet. Banner rates are set on 5 CPM. The second most popular search engine is Yahoo! with ongoing frequency at any moment that does not charge the customers, while more than 80% of users reach UK Online consumers through partners including: MSN, Yahoo, Lycos, AltaVista and others. There are of course of rates for this service. Another advertising technique has found applicability through the most popular chat client program. MSN Messenger

Legal Aspects of Human Resource Management Essay

Legal Aspects of Human Resource Management - Essay Example t is of indefinite duration, the employer can terminate the employee for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all.† However, even the ‘at will’ employees are entitled to a number of legal protections against unlawful discrimination with regard to the termination of an employee. These are known as exceptions of the at-will employment. While discussing the exceptions of at-will employment recognized by the United States, there are three major types of exceptions commonly found in the states. First of all, there are public policy exceptions to employment at will through which the termination of an employee is considered wrongful if it violates the well-established public policies of the state. For instance, an employer cannot terminate an employee if the latter refuses to break the law at the request of the employer. Public policy exceptions are the most widely exceptions that are recognized in most of the states in the US. Then there are implied contract exceptions where the employer cannot terminate the employee if an implied contract is formed between the two even without a written instrument. In case the employer terminates an employee in violation of an implied employment contract, then possibilities are that the employer will be found liable for breach of contract. It is important to note that implied employment contracts can be created by the employer’s oral or written assurances regarding job tenure or disciplinary procedures. However, it is often found that the fired employee has to bear the burden of proof. The third type of exceptions are the covenant of good faith and fair dealing exceptions. Under this exception, an employer cannot terminate the employee in bad faith or motivated by any personal hatred. Courts that recognize such exceptions are found to have recognized two types of contracts - a) covenants implied in fact and b) covenants implied in law. For example, covenants implied in fact include repeated promotions and pay increases

Concert Attendance Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert Attendance Report - Assignment Example Classical at the Freight brought some of the best classical musicians of the Bay Area. I spent the hour listening to outstanding chamber music in an atmosphere that was quite friendly and informal. The musicians were seated on the stage in a semi-circle carrying different musical instruments. The bands musical instruments included violin and cello. One man played both English horn and oboe simultaneously. Wooden paneling rising vertically from the floor to the Freight & Salvage Coffee House board made the background and created a very sophisticated and peaceful environment. Peter Lemberg is SFCO principal oboist. He came to the Freight with this friskily plangent musical program for the English horn and strings. Together with All-Stars of SFCO, Peter performed the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Jean Francaix. One of the songs performed by the band was â€Å"Quatuor (1971): 1. Allegro vivace by David Juritz, Rebecca Knight†. There was a lot of variety in the music. The structure of the music was soft and smooth and had a good flow. The purpose of the music was to create an atmosphere of comfort and light joy. The tempo of the song was allegro. The volume was reasonably loud to make it audible to the entire audience. The song had a soft and smooth rhythm and the melody was sweet. The first thing that came to my mind to hear such sweet melody was Tom & Jerry Cartoons. We often hear such music played in the background in the mouse and cat chase. The song belongs to the era few decades ago, but its sweet melody and energy makes it relevant to t he audience even today. I was very excited at the concert because it had occurred more as a surprise to me since I had not planned to go there originally. I listened to the music very attentively because my friends had praised this band a lot. I wanted to know why were they such big fans of the band. I enjoyed the concert because I witnessed the perfection and extreme talent of the

Value of entrepreneurship to emerging economies Assignment

Value of entrepreneurship to emerging economies - Assignment Example A very unique feature and characteristic of the global market, a perfect reflection of which could be paralleled to the structure of any country is that it is made up people from different socio-economic backgrounds, each of which plays a contributory role towards the collective success of the market. As far as emerging markets are concerned, they can be compared to those players on the market who trade in not so huge forms of business, but yet, having the little contributions they bring on the market, significant enough to be counted as part of collective growth and development (Sandee, Isdijoso and Sulandjari, 2002). But for the roles and contributions of these emerging markets to be felt in a perfect sense, there are some key inputs that must be present. One of these is the contributory roles that entrepreneurship plays in the emerging markets (Acs and Szerb, 2007). Generally, an emerging market may be described as a country that has social and economic activity climate that is se t on the lines of rapid growth and development (Liedholm, 2002). Because entrepreneurs have a common goal of investing in markets, their contributions to these markets have been studied in several works of literature. In this paper, five major points that make a case for the value of entrepreneurship in Brazil as an emerging market are discussed. Increased Competitive Pressure In Brazil, the political environment allows that there can be as many entrepreneurship openings as possible. With such policy, the private sector, most of which have been controlled by entrepreneurship have had so much grounds to operate. Currently, there are several entrepreneurial based companies and businesses operating in the country. Generally, the size and economic worth of these entrepreneurial businesses are not seen to be as huge as those that are presented by multinational and international companies (Valliere and Peterson, 2009). However, because the entrepreneurial businesses have their own market and client base, it has always been important for them to engage in increased competitive marketing to ensure their survival. Economically, as these increased competitive pressures take place, entrepreneurs are forced to be rigorous on the emerging market, injecting capital into their businesses. On a larger scale, the fact that these enterprises are competitive enough and have higher asset base, revenues, capital, and manpower base, they contribute to the collective expansion and growth of the emerging markets in which they find themselves (Sandee, Isdijoso and Sulandjari, 2002). In Brazil, there are multinational companies that started merely as enterprises but due to the competition that they received from other enterprises and the need for them to be proactive in their growth; they have today become key stakeholders in that emerging market. Exploitation of Innovation Valliere and Peterson (2009) note that most entrepreneurial based companies and businesses in emerging markets ar e forced to engage in the exploitation of innovation because that is the only way by which they can be competitive against traditional multinational companies. Through the exploitation of innovation, these enterprises have critically gone into research and development to understudy marketing trends and principles that works best with the local markets in which they operate (Williams, 2009). Part of the exploitation of innovation has also included the need to use highly skilled and talented human resource within the corridors of the markets in which they find themselves to growth their business. Invariably, entrepreneurship has been valuable in ensuring that the emerging markets as a collective entity, rather than their enterprises alone are borne on the wings of innovative business. As it will be noted a major characteristic of developed markets is the abundance of innovation (Valliere and Pet

Family law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family law - Essay Example It is evident that this family is financially stable particularly because Henry has gotten an inheritance from the mother’s art collection valued at a substantial amount of money. Henry has managed to buy a number of private investments and pensions. Moreover, Wanda was meant to receive certain amount of money from her uncle, but the issue is now becoming complicated as the second wife to her uncle who is in the process of contesting the will.1 Unfortunately, her marriage to Henry is at the verged of breaking. He has decided to divorce Wanda, a decision that has seems to be influenced by his business Mandrake who does not like children. Moreover, he has told Wanda that she will not get any financial help for him and should instead manage the inheritance that is ought to receive from her uncle until she gets back on her feet. Never the less, Henry is willing to pay $ 3000 per year for the upkeep of the three children for duration of three years. Wanda, on the other hand, has fo und new love from the Doctor who treats one of their children, though she is not willing to get married again. Family Law Family law is thus used to resolve all the issues that revolve are different families. According to the given scenario, Wanda must consult the family law in order to have issues solved (Cracknell 2008). In essence, she has to face her former spouse and the second wife to her late Uncle in court in relation to the inheritance given to her by her uncle especially now that her aunt was determined to challenge in court, the decision made by the her late husband. Additionally, Wanda has to contest with the decision that has been made by her divorced husband because it is insufficient for her and the children. In this regard, a number of factors will be put into consideration for her to be guaranteed financial orders by the courts.2 Domestic Contracts According to the family law act, two persons who are married to each other through an agreement must respect the rights , and obligation under the marriage, which include ownership or division of property, and support of obligations.3 Moreover, they have the right to direct education and moral training of their children and any other matter that entails the settlement of their affairs (Cretney 2003). However, they are not in a position to put into custody children. This means that if Wanda and Henry’s marriage was recognizable by the law, then Wanda has the freedom to be in possession of property ad be in a position be allocated the material wealth that they have acquired with Henry during their marriage life. In essence, all the property that Henry has acquired in the last ten years of their marriage will be considered in the ruling when the divorce process begins. Ownership of Property According to the family law Act, the court should put into consideration the ownership of property in all parties (Knight 2008). This simply means that the court should be in a position to advise on the type o f properties that are present (Fortin 2003). Those common and applicable to this scenario are personal ownership of property and joint ownership of property. Henry has an inheritance from his late mother‘s art collection, which qualifies to be called personal property especially now that it has no contesting issues.4 Contrary to this, Wanda has an inheritance, which could also be termed as personal property but it is been contested by the second wife of her late uncle. The rest of the properties that Wanda

Phase 4 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 4 Discussion Board - Assignment Example My career aspiration is to manage the Administrative Staff over the Emergency Department and Main Admitting Area of the hospital I work at. Hospital is a place where the patients are your first preference. My job would be to oversee full-time, part-time and PRN employees who handle several different roles within the Department. Being a manager I would assign tasks to the related employees and every employee would update me with the performance status. This would be a straightforward projects management which will occur as the situation arises. Project management mostly helps for the work done effectively, but in a hospital efficient working is required. So the project management does not seem to be very helpful to be used for the job of managing administrative staff under an emergency situation (Pmi.org) I would also handle the projects that decide upon how to use the budget for new hire training, quarterly meetings, training when new procedures and policies are put into effect, and how to provide awards and recognition for my employees. Use of project management technique would be appropriate for such projects. This would help me to meet the dead line for meetings, effectively allocation of resources, adopting the appropriate methods for trainings for assessing the performance of my employees. The first step in project management is to develop a project plan. The project plan gives us a guideline to follow and helps to measure the project related risks. It includes the process that should be followed to meet the customer requirements (Hyperthot.com). A project plan specifies that when, how, how much and by whom what task would be performed. Project planning helps to manage the risk and to reduce its effect on the desired outcome. It also helps to assess the problems that may arise in the future during processing and gives directions for problem solving. Project planning requires a lot of time and efforts. In an emergency department at a hospital, a does not ha ve much time to think and evaluate the options. Quick and straight decisions are to be made as the situation arises. Under an emergency situation a manager has to manage all the employees and their activities sharply without any delays. It would not be better to wait for a plan to be completed when we need the solution urgently. The other managing jobs like decisions regarding using the budget, quarterly meetings and training for the new procedures and policies may have time to write a project plan (Projectconnections.com).Project planning would be useful for new hiring and their training. It would help to cut the budgets when required and to use them efficiently when there will be some new procedure and polices to put into effect. Project planning makes the instructions easy for employees they would know what steps are to be followed when and this would help to improve the administrative activities of organization. Project management is a time consuming process. It involves lot of paper work and brainstorming. When it is not done in a proper manner it may give the unexpected bad results. An organization doing the project management

Scholarly Critique Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scholarly Critique - Research Paper Example Purpose of the Study Williams (2005) found that the recent estimate reveals that children spend an average of 7 hours per week in video games. This is remarkable information because this finally leads him to find if violent content or frustration may be linked to a significant effect or impact. The study seeks to find out if there is potential impact of violent content and frustration with gameplay. In addition, the proponent wants to know if the interaction of violent content and frustration creates impact on aggressive personality of the players. The study therefore has a relevant purpose of investigating the effect of video games on the subjects’ personality primarily on how the violent content or frustration may provide an influence. This study is important because it will stand as a vital addition to the body of knowledge linked to the potential impact of videogame to its players. Main Hypotheses There are five hypotheses that the proponent identified in the research stud y. The first hypothesis states that there must be higher scores of state hostility measure for violent game compared to its nonviolent counterpart. The second hypothesis asserts that there must be higher scores of state hostility measure for frustrating game compared to low or non-frustrating game. The other hypothesis is about having certainty of higher scores on hostility measure if the participants will be exposed to both violent content and frustration. The fourth hypothesis suggests that participants who are having high trait in hostility should therefore score higher on a state hostility measure when they have to play violent game compared to those with low trait in hostility. The last hypothesis states that participants with high trait hostility should have a higher score in state hostility measure than those with low trait hostility during the actual play of a violent game. These are the essential hypotheses that Williams considered as vital points to consider prior to meeti ng the actual purpose or research problem of the study. In line with this, we can therefore detect the independent variable and it is the actual score in state hostility measure. The dependent variables are therefore the level of violence and frustration linked to the videogame. In addition, all of these are therefore directional hypotheses because they try to emphasize the use of a comparison term ‘higher’, which is an indication that there must be a remarkable difference between the groups that will be compared and how specifically they will differ. Design and Measurement There were one hundred fifty male college undergraduates at a large southeastern university coming from a psychology and mass communication courses who were employed in the research study. In the actual study, each of the participants was given the opportunity to play one of the four video games, which include violent and frustrating, violent and low/non-frustrating, nonviolent but frustrating, and n onviolent and low/non-frustrating. The participants were asked for their consent to participate in the study, which took place in more than one phase. This is to ensure that all of the respondents will turn out not forced to join in the research, but they have their consent to participate. To test the hypothesis, the proponent of the study relied on the response of the subjects on the given questionnaires and the use of statistical analysis like the analysis of covariance

Japan Westernization Paper Essay Example for Free

Japan Westernization Paper Essay Prompt: Discuss possible reasons why Japan was the only non-western state to nationalize and win recognition as an equal and how it managed to accomplish this in a mere half century. Thesis: Being aware of recent Western invasions in China, Japan had recognized the need to transform their institutions and its society, therefore, Japan embraced nationalism. By 1649, Japan had shut down contact with the European world with the exception of a Dutch outpost on Deshima Island in Nagaski harbor (this outpost however, was only allowed to receive one ship all year). The Japanese also allowed the Chinese to trade at Nagasaki (only under severe restrictions) and Korea could trade through the islands of Tusushima. Other than this however, Japan was isolated. In 1853, the U.S sent Commodore Matthew Perry (with 3 steam frigates) to force Japan into opening its ports to trade. Japan had lacked the technology to fight against the U.S and the European powers that soon followed. Slowly (while being under pressure however), Japan opened more ports granted extraterritorial rights and where able to determine Japan’s tariff polices. Like China, Japan seemed to be getting controlled by the European powers. However, young, vigorous leaders took control of the government of Japan forcing a dramatic reconstruction of the nations polices, administration, class structure, economy, technology and culture. These leaders tended to be young samurai warriors in the han (feudal estates) of Choshu and Satsuma. The samurai were able to employ some of the technological information introduced by the Dutch from their station in Nagasaki harbor (the shogunate had established an office for translating Dutch material in 1811) and by 1840, some of the Japanese were already casting Western guns and artillery. A new leader, Sakuma Zozan (one of the advocates of adopting Western military methods) believed that opening the country was necessary and beneficial. However, not everyone had agreed. In 1860 a group of samurai (from the conservative han of Mito) argued a different opinion and eventually, Mito loyalists assassinated Sakuma. In 1868, forces of Choshu and Satusma (along with several more remote hans) took control of the emperor’s palace in Kyoto and declared the end of shogunate. The emperor was put back into imperial power.

Management Theories Essay Example for Free

Management Theories Essay There are many different management theories that have been developed throughout the years in order to aid individuals within management roles. Even though some of these theories were developed years ago they can still be relevant in today’s society. One of these theories is The Administrative Approach Theory. The purpose of this paper is to explore why this theory can be considered a universal historical theory, the positive and negative aspects of this theory and how one of the management theories can be applied to an organization. Universal Historical Theory After reading through the historical management theories the writer feels that the Administrative Approach, developed by Fayol, can be considered the most universal and can be applicable in today’s business market. This is because unlike some of the other theories this theory focuses on the entire organization (Daft, 2010). This theory is made up of fourteen principles: Division of work, delegation of authority, discipline, chain of commands, congenial workplace, interrelation between individual interests and common organizational goals, compensation package, centralization, scalar chains, order, equity, job guarantee, initiatives and team spirit (FAO, 2013). â€Å"Fayol stressed the importance and the practice of forecasting and planning in order to apply these ideas and techniques† (Boundless, 2013 , para. 10). Advantages and Disadvantages As with any theory there are always some positive as well as negative aspects to it. One positive aspect of this theory is that since there is a division of work this can increase productivity not only in managerial work but also technical work (FAO, 2013). Another advantage is that since this theory believes in unity of command employees only have to report to one superior. By doing this, employees only take orders from one individual and therefor this limits the amount of confusion that can come about when multiple people are giving orders. A disadvantage to this theory is that since it is management oriented â€Å"it does not give much attention to the problems of the workers† (Akrani, 2013, para. 8). This can lead to the employees feeling under privileged and may increase job dissatisfaction. This theory is also very mechanical. Meaning that it does not deal with important things such as motivation, communication and leading (Akrani, 2013). Communication is very important in every organization so the writer feels that this is considered a negative aspect of this theory. Systems Theory The writer feels that the Systems Theory can be applied to her current work setting. This theory focuses on open and closed systems that interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal (Daft, 2010). Working within a hospital environment the organization is working towards a common goal of eliminating cancer. Since there are so many different systems that can affect this goal such as number of patients, money, resources, time, staff etc. it is important that management have a more systemic way of thinking and running their departments. Within the writers department when patients are seen in the clinic they generate money, this money can then be used to support and improve cancer research which therefore gets the organization one step closer to eliminating cancer. Conclusion Even though there are many different management theories available to help aid managers there are some that are more relevant than others. This paper looked at the Administrative Theory and how it can be applied universally. It also discussed how the Systems Theory can be applied to the writer’s current organization. By applying the best matched management theory to one’s organization this can help build a successful and positive company.

Business Essays Motivation In Business

Business Essays Motivation In Business Motivation In Business. Introduction Motivation has been defined as the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993). In psychology, motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior (Green, 1995). In simplistic terms, we can define motivation as the desire and willingness to do something and the inner force that helps individuals achieve their goals. Understanding what motivates employees and what can employers do to motivate their internal customers has been the focus of research by many researchers and the topic has gained special prominence in recent years. This is mainly because motivated employees can provide a firm with a distinctive advantage and a comptetitive edge and by being more productive they can help organisation thrive and survive. There are two schools of thought on motivational theories, the scientific school of thought and the behavioural school of thought. Scientific Model The basis of scientific management is considering employees as an input to the production of goods and services. The approach stresses on scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and training methods and its objective is to carry out work in accordance with scientifically devised procedures. One of the pioneers and inventor of scientific approach to management was Frederick Taylor. Frederic Taylor, (1856-1915) was the first to analyse human behaviour scientifically with his machine model by making individuals into the equivalent of machine parts. He broke down the tasks to its smallest unit to figure out the best approach. After careful analysis of the job, workers were trained to do only those motions essential to the task. Taylor attempted to make a science for each element of work and restrict behavioural alternatives facing worker and looked at interaction of human characteristics, social environment, task, and physical environment, capacity, speed, durability and cost. The overall goal was to remove human variability. (Terpstra, 2005) Taylors machine model was a success and did increase production and profitability because rational rules replaced trial and error and management became more formalized which eventually led to increased efficiency. But Taylors treatment of human beings like machines faced resistance from managers and workers who considered thi s way of working as dehumanization of work. One of the other features of Taylors work was stop-watch timing as the basis of observations and breaking the timings down into elements. This method also faced stiff group resistance because no one likes to be so close monitored for each little part of the work he/she does. Despite its criticisms, Taylors methods had a great impact on work because he invented a new, efficient and more productive way to work that changed the complete nature of the industry. Before scientific management, departments such as work study, personnel, maintenance and quality control did not exist. (Buford, 2000) The core elements of scientific management remain popular and have only been modified and updated to suit the current scenario. Behavioural approach Unlike scientific approach behaviour approach places emphasis on what motivates people and seeks to identify and account for the specific influences that motivate people. Some of the distinguished theories of behavioural approach to motivation are discussed below. Maslow (1943) put forward the hierarchy of needs theory which saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest. He argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need and once one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. The five needs are: Physiological needs These are the most basic human needs which are important for sustenance like food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep etc. Maslow argued that unless physiological needs are satisfied to a degree, no other motivating factor can work. Safety or Security needs These are needs to be free of physical danger and emotional harm like the fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. It relates to security, protection and stability in the personal events of everyday life. Social Needs These are needs for love, affection and belongingness and social acceptance. People are social beings and try to satisfy their needs for acceptance and friendship. Esteem Once peoples social needs are satisfied, they look for esteem (reputation). This need produces such satisfaction as power, prestige status and self confidence. It includes both internal esteem factors like self-respect, autonomy, achievements and external esteem factors such as recognition and attention as well as personal sense of competence. (Source) .Self actualization This need is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Its the need to grow and use abilities to the fullest potential. It includes growth and self-fulfillment by achieving ones potential to accomplish something Looking at Maslows hierarchy of needs triangle, as each needs are substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. (eg. esteem needs become dominant after social needs are satisfied).Also, when a need gets substantially satisfied, it stops to be motivating. The crux of Maslows theory is to focus on finding out the level of hierarchy the person is in and focusing on satisfying his/her needs and the needs above it. Maslows theory of needs has been wider recognised and is being practiced by managers across the globe. The theorys ease of understanding and intuitive logic makes it easy to implement, but there is no empirical evidence to validate the theory and there is no metric to measure the success of the theory after being implemented. So, the quantitative impact of Maslows theories cannot be accurately measured. Frederick Herzbergs (1959) famous quote says If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do. Herzbergs motivational theory has a two component approach and is known as the two-factor theory. His theory suggests that things which prevent dissatisfaction are not the same as things which create satisfaction. (Herzberg, 1959) When people are dissatisfied (de-motivated) with their work it is usually because of discontent with environmental factors which he terms as Hygiene Factors. These hygiene factors include factors such as, security, status, relationship with subordinates, personal life, salary, work conditions, relationship with supervisor, company policy and administration (Bedeian, 2003). These are the factors whose presence in the organization is natural and does not lead to motivation, however its absence does lead to de-motivation. Hygiene factors include the work and the organizational environment. The second component of the theory involves factors whose absen ce causes no dissatisfaction but whose presence has huge motivational value. Herzberg terms these factors as Motivational factors which are factors such as growth prospects, career progression and advancement, responsibility, challenges, recognition and achievements. The theory concentrates around the fact that the opposite to satisfaction is not dissatisfaction and merely removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily makes the job satisfying. Herzberg stresses that both the approaches (hygiene and motivational) should be done simultaneously to be effective. Herzbergs theory, in a way, is a modification to Maslows hierarchy of needs. Some critics term Herzbergs theory as vague, but considering todays business world where job context and content are major issues, the theory if practiced effectively can give good results because it is based on superb motivational ideas. Diagramatic representation of Herzberg two-factor theory (Taken from Web 2) Vrooms Expectancy Theory Vrooms expectancy theory argues that motivation is based on values and beliefs of individuals and examines motives through the perception of what a person believes will happen. It is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). The theory states that individuals can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive correlation between the efforts they put in and their performance and when that favourable performance leads to a reward. Consequently, the reward helps satisfy an important need and the desire to satisfy that need is strong enough to make the efforts worth wile. The theory states that the strength of an individuals motivation will depend on the extent to which they expect the results of their efforts to contribute towards their personal needs or goals and posits that motivation is a result of a rational calculation(Vroom, 1964) The calculation is based on peoples beliefs (pointed above) about the probability that effort will lead to performance (expectancy), multiplied by the probability that performance will lead to reward (instrumentality), multiplied by the perceived value of the reward (valence) (Source) Vroom argues that the equation Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence can be used to predict whether a particular reward will motivate an individual or not. Vrooms theory can apply to any apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome. The theory is about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes (Bowen,1991) Critics have applauded the basics of Vrooms theory but questions have been raised about the validity over the motivation equation as a product of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Porter-Lawler Expectancy theory Porter-Lawlers theory is much on the same lines as Vrooms and suggests that levels of motivation are based more on the value that individuals place on the reward.  Actual performance in a job is primarily determined by the effort spent and is also affected by the persons ability to do the job and his perception of what the required task is. The theory states that performance is the responsible factor that leads to intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards and these rewards, along with the equity of individual leads to satisfaction. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward (Bowen 1991) Porter and Lawler point out that perceived inequality in this model plays a pivotal role in job satisfaction. The perception of equal or unequal reward may cause dissatisfaction which means that organizations have to continuously keep evaluating their reward system. The theory along with equity theory demonstrates the importance of avoiding discriminatory practices in the workplace and states that it is imperative for employees to give equal treatment to employees on the job. Elton Mayo with his behavioural experiments known as Hawthorne Experiments was among the first few to analyse the human aspects of motivation He conclusions were that motivation was a very complex subject and was not only about pay, work condition and morale but also about psychological and social factors. He concluded that the need for recognition and a sense of belonging were very important motivational factors. Reinforcement based approach to motivation Reinforcement was propounded by Skinner and this theory is based on motivation approaches are in some way similar to expectancy theory as both consider the process by which an individual chooses behaviour in a particular situation. It emphasises re-designing the external environment by making positive changes to encourage motivation. Skinner states that work environment should be made suitable to the individuals and that punishments actually leads to frustration and de-motivation. This approach explains the role of rewards in greater detail as they cause the behaviour to change or remain the same. Expectancy theory focuses more on behaviour choices, and reinforcement theory focuses more on the consequences of those choices (Skinner, 1953) Other theories of behavioral motivation are Adams theory of Equity and Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y. Most of the behavioural theories seem to borrow a little from each other. Maslows theory concentrates on basic human needs, Herzbergs two factor theory brings out the distinction between motivation-demotivation. Because of its quantitative nature, Vrooms theory, is more suited to managers trying to gauge the effect of decisions on employees. Maslow describes which outcomes people are motivated by and Vroom describes whether they will act based upon their experience and expectations. (Harpaz,2004) Maslows theory can be too simple and rigid for todays environment. Porter-Lawler model brings out the perceived inequality and brings out the demerits of discriminatory practices which may be more suitable for more diversified workforce. All behavioral theories have their own significance and its up to the management to decide which theory to apply. Application of motivational theories is purely contextual and specific to a particular workforce. Workplace might merge two theories and apply s ome of the features of each. Because of its contextual nature, none of the theories are generic and better than the other. Comparison of Scientific and Behaviour approach There is an underlying difference between the two approaches to motivation. Scientific approach assumes that work is inherently unpleasant to most people and the financial incentive is more important to them than other factors such as nature of job, role profile, work environment etc. While the behavioural approach to management emphasises the role of social processes in organisations and stresses on belongingness and the need to feel useful. It emphasises that these human needs motivate employees more than money. According to this view, people want to contribute to organisational effectiveness and want to make a genuine contribution towards its success. Scientific management is an effective technique for a capitalist system and a money economy where the companys sole objective is the improvement of efficiency and profitability. (Higgins, 2004). In todays workplace environment, where companys success is judged by various qualitative parameters and where employee motivation forms a si gnificant input to organisations success, human approach to management is more suited. Conclusions Motivation remains a challenge for organizations today. With the changing environment, the solution to motivation problems are becoming even more complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly (Bowen Radhakrishna, 2001) Managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform and understand the process, theories, and fundamental components of motivation. Regardless of which theory is followed, interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and non-monetary compensation should be considered. Research done by (Higgins, 2004) has come out with ten most motivating factors which are: interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security, good working conditions, promotions and growth in the organization, feeling of being in on things, personal loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, and sympathetic help with personal problems. The key to motivating employees is to know what motivates them and designing a motivation program based on those needs. ReferencesBooks and Journal Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press. Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Management (3rd ed.). New York: Dryden Press. Bowen, B. E., Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction of agricultural education faculty: A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education, 32 (2). 16-22. Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., Lindner, J. R. (2005). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. Buford, J. A., Jr. (2000). Extension management in the information age. Journal of Extension, 28 (1). Dickson, W. J. (1973). Hawthorne experiments. In C. Heyel (ed.), The encyclopedia of management, 2nd ed. (pp. 298-302). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Harpaz, I. (2004). The importance of work goals: an international perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 21. 75-93. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley Sons. Higgins, J. M. (2004). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. Kovach, K. A. (1997). What motivates employees? Workers and supervisors give different answers. Business Horizons, 30. 58-65. Kreitner, R. (2005). Management (6th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, July 1943. 370-396. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press. Smith, G. P. (1994). Motivation. In W. Tracey (ed.), Human resources management and development handbook (2nd ed.). Terpstra, D. E. (2005). Theories of motivation: borrowing the best. Personnel Journal, 58. 376.Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley . Web sites (Web 1) Motivation theorists and their theories (online) (cited 15 December) Available from http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/theory_01.html(Web 2) Motivation (online) (cited 16 December) Available from URL http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1.htm

Mellsy’s Outline for Research Paper -- essays papers

Mellsy’s Outline for Research Paper Have you ever thought about volunteering your time to a local charity or community organization? There are many different reasons for you to start volunteering your services: To help others, to learn about an activity or organization that interests you, to beat boredom if you find yourself sitting around the house feeling totally bored, volunteering in an activity you enjoy can be a great way to change things, to overcome a loss you have experienced one of the best ways to help yourself in a time of loss is to help others, to gain perspective on life there is no better way to understand your blessings than to help people in need. Your reasons for volunteering are as individual as you are, but no matter what your reasons you can get a lot out of volunteering. You can learn about yourself, learn about others and meet a lot of interesting people by volunteering. You can help others as you help yourself. By Definition of Community Service, which is: "services that are identified by an institution of higher education, through formal or informal consultation with local nonprofit, governmental, and community-based organizations, as designed to improve the quality of life for community residents, particularly low-income individuals, or to solve particular problems related to their needs; I chose to discuss this particular subject because it hits home. I’m very active in anything that takes place my community and I would do anything to make sure it stays a safe environment for all the young children in it. (Webster’s Dictionary) Adolescence is a time for young people to define their place in the family, peer groups, and the larger community. During this stage of their lives, youth struggle wi... ...Lessons Shared: Reflections from the International Learning Group on Youth and Community Development & Youth Development Series This scholarly journal is about international learning groups on youth and community development. It is about youth in the political processes of their countries and brought ILG members together for a week to learn from programs and leaders in five Latin American partners, which include: Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and Paraguay. It speaks about lessons learned and its impact on their youth engagement projects. Where Community and Curriculum Come Together This examines how technology-centered community connected educational endeavors impact students lives and learning experiences in various areas in the United States. Youth & Community Service. Retrieved February 24, 2005,www.communityservice.org, http://www.suws.com/

Paleontological Audio Technology :: Geology Science Research

Paleontological Audio Technology In very recent years the advances in science and technology we have made have been incredible; from cloning sheep and human tissue to almost completing the human genome, the scientific community has taken great steps with the help of technology. One such area in this community is the study of geology. Computers aid geologists in determining the best places to drill for oil and natural gas, along with trying to determine mineral deposits and the compositions of rocks. Now, computers have the capacity to infer information from limited data collected in the field. Now, in the paleontological sense, we have the technology to simulate the sounds that prehistoric creatures might have produced so long ago. In August 1995 Thomas E. Williamson and his crew discovered a fossil that makes computer simulation of ancient dinosaur sounds possible. Since then, there has been increased excitement throughout the geologic community and with those infatuated with dinosaurs. Two years later on December 5th the ancient sounds of a long extinct dinosaur could be heard throughout the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Later this excitement spilled over into the entertainment industry when Steven Spielberg came out with â€Å"Jurassic Park III† which showed this experimentation. The fossil found was the most complete skull of a duck billed dinosaur called â€Å"Parasaurolophus† meaning the â€Å"trombone dinosaur†. The hollow crest atop the skull is what scientist believed produced a sort of mating call or warning sound. Before computer technology there were many different views offered as to what was the purpose, if any, of this large hollow crest. Some believed it could have been a way to shed heat like an internal radiator or aid in the recognizing of those in its own pack or even just to warn others away. Others were just not sure what to think. Paleontologists had noticed the passageways inside the crest but had no way of knowing how intricate these tubes and chambers were until computers were used to scan the insides of the crest and differentiate between what was actual fossil and what was clay and sandstone. Computer Scientist Carl Diegert used a CT Scan (Computer Tomography, i.e.; CAT Scan) and scanned the skull at intervals of 3mm to produce 350 cross sections.

How Did Climate Serve as a Trigger Event for the Bangladeshi Liberation

Climate issues have come to the forefront of popular culture and is a hot topic in the arena of politics and beyond. More recently numerous academics have started to research how not only global warming, but climate can increase the risk of civil war or ignite armed conflict. One of the most introductory article on the subject is written by Marshall Burke and discusses how climate has increased the risk of civil war in Africa. One of the conclusions Burke and his colleagues draw from their quantitative research is that not only can climate trigger civil conflict but also â€Å"that climate change will worsen instability in already volatile regions† (Burke, p.1). Moreover, during the time of the Bangladeshi Liberation War that was the case. Bangladesh, at the time referred to as East Pakistan was in a tumultuous state and a breeding ground for conflict. However, it wasn’t until the 1970 Bhola cyclone that devastated the area that the East Pakistani’s decided to move forward in their secession from West Pakistan, which led to the Bangladeshi Liberation War. This paper will be divided into four sections. The first section will set the theoretical foundation for how climate can cause conflict. The second section will identify and analyze the different conflict factors that were present in East Pakistan and were amplified/affected by the cyclone. The third section will examine the extent and damage caused by the cyclone, focusing on numbers and logistics. The last section will take the information that had been presented previously and create the links between it and how it relates to argument of the Bhola cyclone triggering the lib eration war. There has not yet been a tremendous amount of research done on how exactly climate can trigg... ... 132- 144. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Apr. 2012. Nanda, Ved. "Self-Determination in International Law: The Tragic Tale of Two Cities--Islamabad (West Pakistan) and Dacca (East Pakistan)." American Journal of International Law. 66.2 (1972): 321-336. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Sappenfield, Mark. "CLIMATE MAY HEAT CONFLICT, TOO." Christian Science Monitor 06 Dec. 2007: 13+. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. Schanberg, Sydney. "Pakistan Divided." Foreign Affairs. (1971): 125-135. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. Schanberg, Sydney. "Yahya Concedes 'Slips' In Relief. "New York Times [New York] 22 NOV 1970, 10. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Staff Writer, . "East Pakistani Leaders Assail Yahya on Cyclone Relief." New York Times [New York] 23 NOV 1970, 5. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Apr. 2012.

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X Essay

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are very prominent African American individuals throughout history. â€Å"Malcolm x and Martin Luther king were similar in some ways and different another ways†. Martin Luther king Jr and Malcolm x were similar in many ways for example, martin Luther and Malcolm x were both black. Their fathers were minister’s .they both became minister .they were both national leader they were both arrested. Malcolm x and Martin Luther king wanted to see black people in the best possible position .martin Luther king Jr and Malcolm x were both religious figures that used religious to provide structure morality courage. Determination and unity in black people. Both Malcolm x and martin Luther Jr were fighting for civil rights non-violence. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches. Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King are both remembered as l eaders who fought for a difference in black America. Both tried to bring hope to blacks in the United States. They also tried to instill within blacks power and strength so they could rise above all the hatred that surrounded them, but both of them had very different ways of promoting their message and they were both assassinated. Martin Luther king Jr and Malcolm x were different in many ways for example, martin Luther king was a devout Christian, Malcolm x was a Muslim. Martin Luther king wanted to get things accomplished without aggression or violence and Malcolm x did not. Martin Luther king wanted everyone to coexist peacefully and wanted to be counted as equal, Malcolm x wanted there to be a clear segregation of white people and black people In America. King was brought up by a rich black family, with a good education, and a good chance at life. He was a black aristocrat, and a wealthy man. Malcolm X was brought up in the ‘ghetto’, and had to learn to defend himself against racist white children. He was deprived of his father, who was found dead, murdered by a white mob. His mother became mentally ill so he was sent to a foster home. This important because I got to learn many differences and similarities between Martin Luther king Jr and Malcolm x .as a result I’ve learned many things about martin Luther king Jr and Malcolm x that I’ve never learned before.

Problems In A Product Life Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay

Global alteration has an impact on clime, demographical and socio-ecological alteration worldwide, and humanity has an influence on planetary alteration. As a consequence of natural catastrophes, eventually climate arguments came up which drew public attending. These arguments showed that something demands to be done. ( Tan, 2008 ) The industries can seek to bring forth environmentally friendly merchandises, extend the merchandise life rhythm, and make a solution for the end-of-life stage of a merchandise. This chapter demonstrates the job of the merchandise life rhythm and gives an penetration into the transmutation. The industrial revolution set up a additive theoretical account of material watercourses, a system that takes merchandises and throws them off. Toxic stuffs trickle into the nature systems. Furthermore, the waste burning locally generates energy, nevertheless, besides this much more energy is required for new stuff production. ( Hennings, et al. , 2008 ) The whole procedure is named an open-loop supply concatenation. By and large talking, it maps the way from the stuffs to the providers to the terminal consumer. There is no reversal rate from the consumer. There is no return of stuff. The company does non offer any return or recycling system. However, consumers use the merchandise and so at the terminal of the merchandise life rhythm, they throw it off. ( Lebreton, 2007 ) Another possibility is to donate the old apparels to charitable organisations which resell the old apparels to commercial retail merchants in the 3rd universe or in east Europe. In Germany the biggest fabric aggregation is â€Å" Deutsche Rote Kreuz † with 40,000 dozenss collected each twelvemonth. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) In Switzerland there are four large fabric aggregation houses: Texaid, Contex AG, Solitex and Satex. Texaid is the biggest 1 in Switzerland ; it recollects 17,000 dozenss of old fabrics per twelvemonth. The company ‘s grosss go to relief organisations. The gathered fabrics are classified in different quality categories and removed from waste. ( Truninger, 2005 ) The reselling of these apparels ignited a large treatment, as the pattern destroys local concerns which produce traditional apparels. The effects are that the local fabric industry nearby wholly collapsed, and reorganisation is non possible anymore. Some states have imposed import prohibitions. ( W eissinger, 1999 ) This complex job is good documented in the movie â€Å" oburoni wawu – dice Kleider der toten Weissen, † which deals with the inquiry of who needs old apparels and how the concern of old apparels works. The movie shows the way the old apparels take and what happens to them when they arrive in the preset state. ( Strobusch & A ; Terpinc, 1995 ) A farther option is the Climatex Lifecycle. This procedure is an innovation from the endeavor Rohner. Out of old fabrics, they produce felt, which is used to mulch and to cover the vegetable spot. As a consequence, the landfill is less to a great extent loaded and the old fabrics have a concluding responsibility. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) As it can be seen from the illustration of Rohner Textiles, end product went up 30 % and was accompanied by a drastic lessening in cost after they launched the new sustainability scheme. The Rohner illustration shows the positive consequence for a concern if they launch a closed-loop recycling scheme. ( IEHN, n.d. ) There is a new innovation to recycle polyester curtain. Teijin is a recycling company which specializes in polyester recycling. Today the company is a Recycling Network. Under the mark ‘ECOLOG, ‘ are all companies committed to bring forthing fabrics in mono-material polyester. ‘ECOLOG ‘ fabrics can be recycled easy, as there are no assorted fibres and it can be made easy into a new stuff. ( Outdoortrends, n.d. ) The last possibility in fabric recycling is down recycling. This procedure has been done for old ages now because the rate of return of polyester fabrics was really low. In this instance the recycling companies downcyceld the merchandises to knobs. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) To offer recycled merchandises and the usage of recycled stuffs is an environmentally friendly facet of assorted companies. Nowadays the positive environmental impact of merchandises gives a company a competitory border ; it is a must, non merely an option. Companies secure themselves a great hereafter with a strong sustainability scheme. The â€Å" C footmark † of companies is set to diminish, as they are under force per unit area from different stakeholders, like non-governmental organisations, consumers and authorities, to make so. This force per unit area on companies encourages them to cut down their C footmark with different commissariats like green merchandises, sustainable procedures and societal duty plans ( CSR ) . However, good communicating and labeling towards consumers is indispensable, to allow them cognize about the green attempts made by the company. ( Jo, 2010 )Focus on Outdoor IndustryHarmonizing to the study of Luscombe ( 2010 ) , 59 % of participants buy t he purchased point for functional usage and for general every twenty-four hours usage. Merely 3 % bargain it for mundane usage. There is a displacement from utilizing out-of-door merchandises in the athleticss sector towards mundane life usage. The study of EOG shows that quality has the highest impact on the purchasing determination, followed by the trade name name. The 3rd factor impacting the determination is the monetary value. This ranking is for Germany. In Switzerland, the ranking is similar. Quality is the victor, followed by comfort, so the proficient characteristics, and last is the monetary value. Recyclability of the merchandise influences the purchasing determination for 62 % of Germans ; whereas merely 60 % of people are interested in purchasing merchandises made of recycled stuff. In the Swiss study, 67 % are influenced by the recyclability of the merchandise in the purchasing determination and 64 % bargain recycled stuff. ( Luscombe, 2010 ) Nowadays, there is a broad scope of reclaimable stuff. It is possible to recycle polyester, polymeric amide and polyurethane. There are two different recycling methods: stuff recycling and chemical recycling. The undermentioned four possibilities are often used in the industry. ( ISOPA, 2001 ) PET-Recycling ( Material recycling ) PET-Recycling became more widespread, as the environmental considerations gain importance. PET bottles have a really short life rhythm, and moreover they are made of rough oil, which causes environmental jobs, as most PET bottles are destined for landfills. As a consequence, a recycling procedure to recycle the valuable primary resources is a perfect thought. The recycling procedure is non really hard with PET bottles. The stuff to be recycled is ‘polyethylene terephthalate ‘ . ( Evans, 2010 ) A short recycling procedure description: Colored bottles need to be sorted out. Just crystalline bottles can be used for this procedure. The selected PET bottles have to be cleaned and dried and crushed. These crushed pieces will be heated. Through this warming procedure, the crushed pieces are melted and a crimping machine gives the ensuing polyester narrations their texture. The polyester narrations need to dried. The quality control has to be passed. ( Evans, 2010 ) This procedure can be performed one time. If there is a jacket made out of this PET recycled narration, the used jacket, which is non functional any longer, ends in a landfill. Nevertheless, some natural stuff has already been saved thanks to PET recycling. In the following paragraph are some illustrations about the measure of PET bottles needed to do certain points. ( Heimann, 2010 ) â€Å" With 20 PET bottles, a ski jacket can be produced. A jumper needs about 63 PET bottles and a sleeping bag is made of 83 PET bottles. † These are facts found on the bright hub home page ( Evans, 2010 ) . There is besides a negative facet to PET recycling. Since PET can merely be recycled one time, 360A ° recycling is non possible. On the other manus, PET recycling is cheaper than polyester recycling, which is explained in the following point. ( Heimann, 2010 ) Polyester Recycling ( chemical recycling ) A Nipponese company has developed the first polyester recycling system named ECO CIRCLE. This is a closed-loop recycling for polyester points. Old polyester merchandises, which are made out of 100 % polyester, can be chemically converted into new polyester natural stuff. ( Teijin, 2009 ) Products which are reclaimable in this manner have the undermentioned label on them: Figure 6: ECO CIRCLE Logo ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecocircle.jp/en/index.htm ) Fleece coats are easy to recycle as they are 100 % polyester. Other coats are frequently a combination of different stuffs. The status for recycling is that the merchandise has 100 % screening truth. The polyester recycling procedure is similar to PET-recycling, but there are some differences as this is a type of chemical recycling. Collected polyester merchandises are broken down into little pieces. Granulated stuff is made. The colouring is removed from the pellets. This procedure requires high energy and important clip. Through chemical intervention, new polyester natural stuff is created. New â€Å" Eco Circle † fibres are created to bring forth reclaimable merchandises. ( Teijin-Fibers, n.d. ) There are different merchandises made by this closed-loop recycling procedure: underwear, T-shirts, jackets, baseball mitts and so on. Swany produced the first closed-loop reclaimable baseball mitt. The list would ne'er stop, as there is an limitless possibility to bring forth pro-ducts with 100 % polyester. ( Teijin, 2009 ) This procedure is criticized, as the fibres are produced utilizing crude oil. Critics say that these fibres should non be produced any longer given the turning trouble with crude oil supplies. However the outdoor industry is acute on utilizing polyester fibres, as this fabric is high quality and stopping points long clip. Figure 7: CO2 Reduction There is less ecological harm with this recycling procedure than with the production of new fibres, as per an analysis conducted by the Suedwind Institute ( n. d. ) . This fact is besides apparent in this Figures 10. 77 % less CO2 is released utilizing the recycling procedure than is released bring forthing new natural stuff from crude oil. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patagonia.com/pdf/en_US/common_threads_whitepaper.pdf ) This closed-loop polyester recycling reduces the dependence on rough oil, produces less pollution as there is less godforsaken burning and progresses the reuse of old polyester apparels. ( Patagonia, 2009 ) Nylon/Polyamide Recycling ( chemical recycling ) Old fishing cyberspace and rugs can be used for nylon recycling. This recycling procedure is similar to the polyester recycling, but polyamide recycling is more cost- and time-intensive, as the procedure is more sophisticated. The recycled narrations are largely, but non wholly, used for back packs or for bags. The quality is non affected by the recycling procedure. ( Klattermusen, n.d ) The statute law in some states will perchance forbid the disposal of rugs in landfills. With this action, the client will be forced to recycle old rug, but this statute law has non yet passed. However there is a committedness by different companies which supply industrial rugs to take part in a nylon recycling plan. Furthermore there are different roll uping points for old rug in each state. ( Greener-Industry, n.d. ) There are some illustrations of companies which already offer a recycling plan: Klattermusen Since March 2009 Klattermusen offers a new recycling and recovery system, â€Å" rECOver. † Each point which is reclaimable has a sedimentation of one, five, 10 or 20 Euros. If the client brings these merchandises back to the shop, they get the sedimentation back. Each merchandise has an note of the sum of the sedimentation. Another portion of the plan is that used and patched merchandises are donated to a public trust. This recycling plan consists of the following reclaimable stuffs: nylon, polyester, polypropene and metal. It is one of the lone outdoor companies which recycles nylon and polypropene, as it is hard to retrieve these two substances and every bit good as dearly-won. ( Klattermusen, n.d. ) Goretex In 1993 Gore launched a undertaking named â€Å" Gore Balance Project, † which received the European Outdoor Award for Innovation. It was the first possibility to recycle in the dress industry. The purpose of this plan was to recycle fabric laminate, but the clients were non ready at that clip to take part in the undertaking. As a consequence of the low engagement degrees, Gore had to halt this recycling undertaking. Gore company coined the term â€Å" balanced-project. † Old Goretex-coats will be deconstructed into their belongingss and reused. ( Gore, 2007 ) VAUDE /Sympatex This company is a rival to Goretex. They invented a 100 % reclaimable membrane which is made of O, C and H. These constituents are easy reclaimable, like PET bottles. Additionally there is no fluorcarbon used, and they have the bluesign standard enfranchisement. The bluesign strandard will be explained in Chapter 3.5.2. VAUDE is the official spouse of Sympatex. They produced a new out-of-door aggregation under the slogan â€Å" Reduce, Re-use, Recycle. † The aggregation is high quality, therefore long-lasting, and it made of 100 % reclaimable polyester. Fjallraven In 2012 the first reclaimable coats will be sold. ( Fjalleraven, 2010 ) The company has three different constituents in their recycling plan, â€Å" ECOSHELL. † First, fluorocarbon is non used any longer in the coats. This chemical substance was used in the membrane for impregnation. It is a really effectual substance, but on the other manus it has several negative effects. One point is the substance is found in the nutrient concatenation, secondly, the decomposition clip is over 30 old ages and last but non least it is really hard to recycle. That ‘s why they now use a new substance which is natural. It is a new process invented by Rudolfgroup. The name of the new substance is BIONIC. Second the company is cognizant of the planetary heating, which is besides affected through the recycling plan. â€Å" That ‘s why they support an environmentally friendly aureate criterion undertaking, they have non-polluting energy production every bit good they cut down the depen dence on fossil fuels † ( Fjalleraven, n. d. ) . Last but non least, they employ the â€Å" Eco Circle † recycling system for polyester. The combination of all three points are indispensable to the company, as all influence the environment. ( Fjalleraven, n. vitamin D. ) Figure 8: Recycling Program of Patagonia Patagonia Inc. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patagonia.com/web/eu/popup/common_threads/index.jsp ) In 1993 Patagonia produced SynchillaA ® jackets from sodium carbonate bottles. In 2005 the â€Å" Common Threads Garment Recycling Program † was launched. This take-back plan collects old polyester merchandises to recycle into new narration. Customers have two different possibilities to take part in the recycling plan of Patagonia. One would be to return the points to the shop – frequently they have a box there – and the 2nd possibility is to direct it straight by station to Patagonia. They collect all the garments and direct them by ship to Japan, where the recycling procedure happens. ( Patagonia, n. d. ) â€Å" Wear it out ; drop it off ; we recycle it ; it lives onaˆÂ ¦ † is the claim of Patagonia ‘s recycling system, as it can be seen in Figure 11.Recycling CompaniesTeijin The whole company has different sections. The biggest portion is the scope of man-made fibres. Teijin is the lone company that provides a recycling plan in polyester. These recycled polyester fibres can be used for fabrics in the car, outdoor and dress industries. â€Å" Eco Circle † was launched in 2002. This recycling plan is environmentally friendly. Nowadays 200 companies are involved in â€Å" Eco Circle. † The tendency is that different states such as the U.S. , China, Europe and Japan have a higher environmental consciousness than all immature clients, which increases the reclaimable market. ( Shrestha, 2009 ) Polartec This company produces utmost conditions protection fabrics, insularity beds and lightweight wicking base beds. Polartec is used in many countries, like the Marine Corps, Navy, Army and Air Force, every bit good as in the out-of-door industry. Thankss to coaction with companies which offer recycled narration, the recycled merchandise line has risen from less than 1 % to over 30 % in over four old ages. This fact leads besides to a decrease in emanation and energy ingestion. Since 2010 they have partnered with Unifi, as they produce ‘Repreve ‘ narration which is made out of recycled PET bottles. Polartec is confident that with this partnership the recycled merchandise line will turn steadily. ( Polartec, 2010 ) Unifi It is a company which produces multi-filament polyester and nylon textured narrations. These man-made fibres are non merely produced from natural stuff but besides from PET. This fibre is on the market with the name ‘Repreve. ‘ They produce polyester fibres every bit good as nylon fibres. The nylon fibres are made out of consumer fibre waste, whereas the polyester fibres are made out of both consumer fibre waste and consumer plastic waste like PET-bottles. In a lb of ‘Repreve ‘ narration, there are 27 processed PET bottles. These sustainable and recycled fibres are chiefly used by the dress industry, but they are besides used in the furniture and auto industries. A partnership between Polartec and Unifi shows the tendency in the outdoor industry to utilize ecological narration. ( Repreve, 2008 )Recycling Ecologically Worthwhile?The contention environing recycling is large. On the cyberspace there are different forums where this issue is being discussed. In thi s chapter merely some statements out of assorted web logs, web sites and interviews held at the OutDoor Freidrichshafen will be highlighted. Maverick ( n.d. ) is convinced that presents planetary heating, natural instability and H2O deficits are scare tactics. This fact, that the universe is stoping, needs to be stopped, through recycling. This is a crutch, because people who recylcle believe they are profiting the environment, but the recycling procedure itself consumes a batch of energy and causes sometimes more pollution than natural stuffs, harmonizing to Maverick. Maverick ( n.d. ) describes the crutch as follows: â€Å" In a mode similar to medieval Christians purchasing indulgences from priests to be forgiven for their wickednesss without really making anything, recycling may be something we believe to be right and effectual merely because we ‘ve been told it is. † The consequence should be, that people reuse merchandises and alter their consumer behaviour. ( Maverick, n.d. ) Furthermore, a web log from May ( 2007 ) describes the PET recycling as an unuseful pattern. First of wholly, a batch of C is emitted anyhow, as the bottles need to be shipped to China and the new apparels back. Second the apparels made out of the old PET bottels are non recycable any longer and will stop in a landfill. The apparels are at that place for over 24,000 old ages until they are smoldered. About the transportation cost, Heimann ( personal communicating, July 17, 2010 ) comments that presents, Europeans are so addicted to Asia and to America, that the ships are geting anyhow. These ships have to return to the state of beginning, and it makes no pots to make so without lading. ( Heimann, 2010 ) The company Teijin conducted a research survey about the energy ingestion in a closed-loop recycling system with polyester. The consequence indicates that with the resources saved, energy and CO2 emanation is besides reduced. This computation is made by mensurating the CO2 emanation and energy needed for the recycling procedure, every bit good as that emitted and needed by the production with natural stuffs. To have new polyester, rough oil is needed. To bore rough oil, far more energy is needed than the sum recycling requires. The consequences are shown in the figures below. Figure 9: Decrease of CO2 Emission thanks to Recycling ( Beginning: Leaflet Teijin, Japan † ECOCIRCLE † ) The laminitis of the â€Å" Red, White and Green † Blog, Jennifer Grayson, is convinced about the positive facets of the recycling procedure. In 2005, recycling saved an one-year norm usage of energy of 9 million families. This has a direct impact on planetary heating. There is another positive point which concerns employment. The recycling and remanufacturing sectors account for about one million occupations. ( Grayson, 2009 ) The outdoor industry has been criticized for the environmental harm the concern causes, every bit good as for the bad on the job conditions. However the industry has made an attempt to antagonize these negative facets by cut downing their C footmark and by using societal policies every bit good as back uping environmentally friendly undertakings. Some illustrations of eco-conscious methods to accomplish betterment are shown. ( Jo, 2010 ) 1. CSR Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) is an of import manner for a company to demo its duty towards the societal and ecological environment. A competitory border is received by utilizing CSR as a scheme to separate between trade names. ( Jo, 2010 ) 2. Life Cycle Analysis The entire impact on environment has to be understood if the company is interested in bring forthing green merchandises. This impact can be analyzed thanks to the cost construction. This is possible through analysing the life rhythm of a merchandise. All has to be considered, the natural stuff, fabrication, the distribution, every bit good as the usage of the merchandise and last but non least, its disposal. With each measure of the procedure, costs are associated. ( Ciambrone, 1997 ) A cost illustration is shown by Ciambrone ( 1997, pp.1 ) : Design costs Stocking/handling costs User/operating costs Disposal costs Fabrication costs Shipping/transportation costs Reuse/recycle costs Compliance/licensing costs Reducing the cost besides reduces the environmental impact. A company should seek to cut down the life rhythm costs of their merchandises. ( Ciambrone, 1997 ) 3. Ecological Footprint It is a mensurating tool to sort merchandises and services, a company, an organisation, industry sectors, single life styles, vicinities, metropoliss, parts or states. In an LCA, the ecological footmark is ever calculated. What impact a merchandise or a company has on the environment and on the society will be measured. An analysis of the merchandise or the company will be done. There are different standards, such as recyclability, emanation used to bring forth the merchandise and resources used. All factors are evaluated and a computation shows the consequence. The thought behind this is that clients have the possibility to compare the merchandises or companies based on their environmental friendliness. ( Global-Footprint-Network, 2010 ) Goverments and consumers play a active function in forcing frontward the demand for an ecological footmark. ( Jo, 2010 ) 4. Bluesign Certificate To cut down the environmental footmark of the fabric industry, the bluesign criterion was created. Each fabric and yarn maker can use for the certification, but to measure up, it needs to run into the high criterion defined by bluesign. Each company is analyzed exactly. The points evaluated by bluesign ( 2010 ) are the undermentioned: Resources productiveness Consumerism Sewage H2O Discharged air Job safety ( p. 24 ) Retailers and clients can acquire a good orientation about assorted companies thanks to this alone criterion from bluesign. ( bluesign, 2010 ) In the hereafter, companies have to take the duty for cut downing their C footmark. Additionally if the credibleness has to be steady, companies have to be crystalline with their sustainability steps. ( Jo, 2010 )DrumheadFrom the recycling position, a rethinking is besides taking topographic point. Closed-loop supply concatenation are needed in all industries. The open-loop supply concatenation does non hold a long life any longer. The best scenario would be if merchandises are used and reused until the merchandise loses its map, at which point it should be recycled. This manner, the merchandise does non complete as waste at the end-of-life stage but has a possibility to last in another merchandise ( downcycling ) or as the same merchandise ( upcycling ) . These procedures help to protect the environment.

Organizational Communications Analysis Women’s Resource Center at Norman, Oklahoma

The Women’s Resource Center was originally started in 1973 and 1974 during the winter. It was originally started by a graduate student who wanted to assist women who were in transition points in the life. This organization could not function without effective communication and to analyze the communication strategies of the organization can provide helpful information that could further improve them. This included those women who were looking for employment as well as women who wanted to return to school. Since its opening the center has developed many programs and services (â€Å"History.. † 1). There are many programs available at the Women’s Resource Center and these include WRC Victims of Domestic Violence Shelter (providing safe temporary housing to victims of domestic violence and their children); Rape Response Team (trained volunteers who are available to meet with rape victims at the ER); counseling (specialized for victims of sexual assault or domestic abuse); WRC Education Program (offers staff that speak in a variety of places for about topics having to deal with domestic violence, date rape, healthy relationships and other topics); Children’s Program (groups that focus on letting children express their emotions and feelings); Court Advocacy (court advocates to help women through the legal system); and WRC Cells (a program to offer victims cell phones at no cost in case of an emergency) (â€Å"Programs.. † 1-2). There are also some training workshops. The main one is SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) Volunteer Training, a specialized trainin g for nurses to learn how to do forensic rape test kits (â€Å"Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). Effective communication is one of those things that are important to how well an organization is run. The Women’s Resource Center in Norman, Oklahoma has a lot of strengths in their communications. They do a good job of training both their staff and their volunteers. They work with their staff on issues about communications and knowing when to talk and when to be able to allow others to talk as they are dealing with people in very difficult situations. They learn how to effectively communicate for the situations that they are in where there is a high risk to the women that they are talking to. This means that there is a lot of training put into the idea of communications for this organization. Their main strength in communication is the overall ability to communicate effectively with those who are in a tough situation. The reason that this works so well is that there is a great deal of things in the communication process (Lee 2). Knowing the communication process can greatly help how communications are for people. According to Lass well’s model of communication there needs to be an effect for the communication to take place. What this is saying is that what is being communicated needs to have a point and a direction. In this communication process the organization is trying to point out that women deserve respect and self assurance (Lee 3). The idea of effective communication for change is something that this organization does well. The organization has made a lot of changes in the past both the long term past and the recent past. These changes are effectively communicated if three major components are available in the strategy. This study by Larkin and Larkin stated: â€Å"Communicate only facts; stop communicating values. Communicate face to face; do not rely on videos, publications or large scale meetings. And target front line supervisors; do not let executives introduce the change to frontline employees. † This is an example of the effective things that Women’s Resource Center communicates as they use a strategy that shows that each level learns new things (Cheney 330). Some of the negative things that are done at the Women’s Resource Center with communications are that the trainings are not available to the public for information. They do offer some training seminars but in the end the trainings are not available as a program on the intense level. The communication process is not as well done in advertisement or getting the word out about the programs that are available. Another area that shows weakness in communication is the organization. There is not a strong organization in this company and there are many different people volunteering and/or working for the agency. Some of the areas that could use improvement include the areas of communication about the organization and throughout the organizations volunteers and employees. This meaning that they all could use better communication to communicate between one another. The idea as stated in the same study as above is that there is sometimes little credibility to the values could be one of the communication problems in this area as it would be a problem in communicating and that the upper management and board of directors have not had a very clear vision with the Women’s Resource Center as many things have changed about their main values and ideas since the creation of the center which could cause some confusion (Cheney 330-333). A second area that has caused some problems with communications in the organization has been a lack of employed resources. This means that there are a lot of volunteers who might not have the same standards to communicating needs as regular full time or even part time employees would have. In order to effectively improve these areas there would have to be a system set up which would give both volunteers and employees a chance to express their feelings and ideas without the fear of being persecuted and with the idea that anyone who is involved has an opinion that matters. The idea that communication is a big part of leadership and how well leadership runs is based on the leader’s ability to communicate effectively. In this case this would be an area for needed improvement (Cheney 205-206). There are many areas where improvements could be made in the communication processes with the Women’s Resource Center. Some of these areas are that the management could be give better support to all of the volunteers and employees alike. Another thing that could happen is that those who are involved would be able to voice their opinions and give a case for care. They would be able to effectively communicate their needs in a process that would be pre-developed by management as it would be something that they could use on a regular basis. This means that they would be able to better manage their communications needs by effectively learning how to resolve issues and discuss issues with proper communications. The theory of Schramm on communication and the idea that overlapping boundaries and experiences make for easier communications is key in the field and services that the Women’s Resource Center is providing. It is in this process that these workers and volunteers would be able to communicate better with the clientele based on whether or not they had shared the same or similar experiences in their past (Lee 3-4). The strengths and weaknesses for this organization were apparent when reading over the press releases and other information available about the organization. Also the writer observed the communication aspects while working for the organization prior to returning to graduate school. This was observed through being a part of the organization’s training and programs. It was also observed through understanding information about the programs and how they are communicated to the public. Being able to effectively communicate is very important in the field of social work and for social service agencies. The one area where communication is well done is between the staff and the victims that come in for services as the training programs in this area are very good. Therefore their main strength is being able to communicate well to women in tough situations. The Women’s Resource Center is an organization that needs to have superior communication skills in order to deal with the problems that are being affected on a regular basis through their organization as they readily do not know what is going on and sometimes are in need of being able to communicate in a more effective manner. One of the main problems has been a lack of communications through the numerous volunteers and employees and in the end it has been a cause for some communication gaps. The main thing that can be done to improve the status of these things is for there to be a better communications system in place in general for the organization. This means that the organization would have better communication between the management and the employees and volunteers. Some of these communication gaps are what are causing the down fall for this organization and are some of the leading causes of the overall conflict that is experienced within the organization. There are always going to be â€Å"inherent challenges† when discussing communication and workplace environments (Messersmith 1). In the end communication is very important in all areas of life and when there is effective communications in some areas it lends hope to the idea that there could be effective communications in all areas of an organization. While analyzing communications for the Women’s Resource Center it is no wonder that there are many different types of communication used and it is no wonder that there are some needs for improvement. Most of the need for improvement falls on the overall board of directors and their ability to create a clear plan for what they want and what is going on within the organization. Without this they are not able to give back to the organization what is needed in order to be effective in their management and other skills. So what is needed is for the organization to work on their being able to communicate better within the organization through a set system in place for communications. This would mean that no matter when the individual was seen and whom she was seen by the whole organization would be able to help her in the future. Preparing basic short case studies and sharing them during a team meeting would be one way that this could be possible. Part of this is also being open about the organization’s needs. â€Å"Employees need to be aware of the challenges the company is facing so that they can do their part to help. † A second thing that needs to be done better is the communications that are given between the organization and the community, meaning that the community would be better informed in the future (Basili 2).